Write way to spot a liar: How your handwriting could betray if you’re economical with the truth

By David Derbyshire

If you want to know if someone is telling you the truth, don’t analyse their body language, eye movements and choice of words.

Apparently, the real sign of a liar is in how he or she writes.

Scientists claim to have discovered a series of tell-tale clues in the handwriting of fibbers.

Not all in the eyes: Scientists say the way to spot a liar is by looking at their handwriting

They found those who write lies press harder on the paper, have longer strokes of the pen and produce taller letters than those telling the truth.

The differences are too subtle to see with the naked eye, but can be detected using a computer and a touch-sensitive pad.

The study’s authors stressed that the research is in its earliest stage, but says the system could one day be used to test the veracity of loan applications or insurance claims.

Researchers at the University of Haifa, Israel, asked 34 volunteers to write two short paragraphs, one recalling a real memory, the other a fictitious event.

The volunteers used a wireless electronic pen with a pressure-sensitive tip to write their memories and lies on paper placed on a computer tablet, which monitored and
analysed their writing style.

‘In the false writing condition, the average pressure, stroke length and height were significantly higher than in the true writing condition,’ the researchers reported in the
Journal of Applied Cognitive Psychology.

Psychologists suggested that lying changes handwriting because it forces the brain to work harder to invent facts, interfering with the normal writing process.

Professor Richard Wiseman, psychologist at the University of Hertfordshire, said the technique was promising, but needed testing on a much bigger scale.

‘We know that people hesitate more when they lie and some companies already use this fact to see how long it takes people to tick boxes when filling in surveys online,’ he said.

He pointed out that traditional polygraph lie detectors were unreliable and ‘messy’.

By contrast a handwriting test would be less intrusive and could be used at a job
interview for example.

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1214240/Spot-liar-Handwriting-betray-youre-economical-truth.html#ixzz0Rnh05fOE

Happy Earth Day 2009

There are small steps we can all take in our homes and offices to start ourselves in the right direction. There is no better way to change the way people think then to lead by example. Here are a few simple steps you can take to start the process.

Save Energy
* Turn off appliances and lights when you leave the room.
* * Use the microwave to cook small meals. (It uses less power than an oven.)
* Have leaky air conditioning and refrigeration systems repaired.
* Insulate your home, water heater and pipes.

Use Less Water
* Don’t let the water run while shaving or brushing teeth.
* Take short showers
* Keep drinking water in the refrigerator instead of letting the faucet run until the water is cool.
* Wash only full loads of laundry or use the appropriate water level or load size selection on the washing machine.
* Buy high-efficient plumbing fixtures & appliances.
* Repair all leaks (a leaky toilet can waste 200 gallons a day).
* Water the lawn or garden during the coolest part of the day (early morning is best).
* Set sprinklers to water the lawn or garden only – not the street or sidewalk.
* Sweep outside instead of using a hose.

Reduce:
* Buy permanent items instead of disposables.
* Buy and use only what you need.
* Buy products with less packaging.
* Buy products that use less toxic chemicals.

Reuse:
* Repair items as much as possible.
* Use durable coffee mugs, cloth napkins or towels.
* Clean out juice bottles and use them for water.
* Reuse boxes.
* Purchase refillable pens and pencils.
* Donate extras to people you know or to charity instead of throwing them away.
* Reuse grocery bags as trash bags.

Recycle:
* Recycle paper (printer paper, newspapers, mail, etc.), plastic, glass bottles, cardboard, and aluminum cans.
* Recycle old/unused electronics and toner.

Teens and Communication

Parents worry a lot about teens. They worry their teen will get into trouble, that their teen won’t be ready for adulthood, that they don’t matter anymore with their teen. We’ve learned that teens worry a lot too, and good communication can help parents and teens work this out.

Teens are mostly worried that they are going to be treated like a baby forever, and at the same time they worry that they aren’t ready yet to be a grown-up. They worry about grades, school or finding a job. They worry about sex, drugs and alcohol. They worry about their families. They worry about their friends, but mostly they worry about themselves. The hard part about communicating with a teen is that she doesn’t always tell you what she’s worried about. This is because, for many teens, letting a parent in on the problem means that the teen can’t handle it herself; in other words, she’s still a little kid. Often the most that parents get to see is an uncommunicative or irritable teen, and the parent is left wondering what they said to make their child so angry.

The first step is recognizing that this stage doesn’t last forever. Once teens start feeling more comfortable about taking on grown-up stuff, usually around ages 17 to 22, they feel less that talking to a parent equals “being a baby”. In the meantime, here are some things that we find make communicating easier:

Make Your Point Fast:
When the lecture starts, teens stop listening. Parents sometimes worry about making sure their child “understands how important this is…”. Believe us, chances are your teen already knows how you feel. Keep your message short, calm and to the point. “I expect you not to smoke. If I find out you have been smoking, we will talk more about it. If you need help or have questions you can always come to me about it”.

Stay Cool:
Teens often think parents are angry, even when it isn’t true. If you really are angry, admit it and ask yourself if you can calm down enough to talk it out. If the answer is no, put off conversation for a time you can be calm. Sometimes teens can be overly sensitive, and they read a lot of things into a simple sentence or question. It’s hard to put up with, but be patient and let your teen know you’re not angry. Chances are the “You’re always angry with me!” tactic is really about your teen worrying (there it is again!) that he or she is messing up in some way.

Allow for Space:
Don’t expect your teen to tell you everything. Teens need to feel they can manage things without parents. Sometimes they act like they are allergic to parents to point out to everybody, and mostly themselves, how grown-up they are. Let them do this. Don’t listen in on conversations, don’t read diaries, don’t snoop. On the other hand, explain there are some things you need to know, like where, who, when and what they’re doing (including online). We know, it’s tricky.

Take Care of Yourself (and Let Stuff Go):
Teens can be very thoughtless and hurtful at times. It’s OK, and even important, to let your teen know he made you angry or hurt your feelings, but don’t keep the fight going or say hurtful things back “to teach him a lesson”. You are the adult.  Adults take care of their own feelings. Children, including teenagers, feel overwhelmed at the idea of being a grown-up or taking care of one. Saying to your teen “I’m so upset, but you can make me feel better by…”, in other words, making him responsible for fixing how you feel, is too hard for your teen to handle.

Take Responsibility:
Teens become very good at catching parents at making mistakes, fudging the truth or not always living up to their own rules. This is part of how a teen learns to look critically at herself and the world. Be honest, and admit mistakes. Showing your teen that you know you’re not perfect, and that you’re OK with that, teaches her that it’s OK if she‘s not perfect either. It also teaches honesty and builds trust between you and your teen.

Most importantly, always tell your teen how much you love him or her, no matter what. Communicate!

The 9 Temperament Traits

Classic child development research conducted by Doctors Chess and Thomas has identified 9 temperamental traits:

Activity Level: This is the child’s “idle speed or how active the child is generally.  Does the infant always wiggle, more squirm?  Is the infant difficult to diaper because of this?  Is the infant content to sit and quietly watch?  Does the child have difficulty sitting still?  Is the child always on the go?  Or, does the child prefer sedentary quiet activities?  Highly active children may channel such extra energy into success in sports; may perform well in high-energy careers and may be able to keep up with many different responsibilities.

Distractibility: The degree of concentration and paying attention displayed when a child is not particularly interested in an activity.  This trait refers to the ease with which external stimuli interfere with ongoing behavior.  Is the infant easily distracted by sounds or sights while drinking a bottle?  Is the infant easily soothed when upset by being offered alternate activity?  Does the child become sidetracked easily when attempting to follow routine or working on some activity?  High distractibility is seen as positive when it is easy to divert a child from an undesirable behavior but seen as negative when it prevents the child from finishing school work.

Intensity: The energy level of a response whether positive or negative.  Does the infant react strongly and loudly to everything, even relatively minor events?  Does the child show pleasure or upset strongly and dramatically?  Or does the child just get quiet when upset?  Intense children are more likely to have their needs met and may have depth and delight of emotion rarely experienced by others.  These children may be gifted in dramatic arts.  Intense children tend to be exhausting to live with.

Regularity: The trait refers to the predictability of biological functions like appetite and sleep.  Does the child get hungry or tired at predictable times?  Or, is the child unpredictable in terms of hunger and tiredness?  As grown-ups irregular individuals may do better than others with traveling as well as be likely to adapt to careers with unusual working hours.

Sensory Threshold: Related to how sensitive this child is to physical stimuli.  It is the amount of stimulation (sounds, tastes, touch, temperature changes) needed to produce a response in the child.  Does the child react positively or negatively to particular sounds?  Does the child startle easily to sounds?  Is the child a picky eater or will he eat almost anything?  Does the child respond positively or negatively to the feel of clothing?  Highly sensitive individuals are more likely to be artistic and creative.

Approach/Withdrawal: Refers to the child’s characteristic response to a new situation or strangers.  Does the child eagerly approach new situations or people?  Or does the child seem hesitant and resistant when faced with new situations, people or things?  Slow-to-warm up children tend to think before they act.  They are less likely to act impulsively during adolescence.

Adaptability: Related to how easily the child adapts to transitions and changes, like switching to a new activity.  Does the child have difficulty with changes in routines, or with transitions from one activity to another?  Does the child take a long time to become comfortable to new situations?  A slow-to-adapt child is less likely to rush into dangerous situations, and may be less influenced by peer pressure.

Persistence: This is the length of time a child continues in activities in the face of obstacles.  Does the child continue to work on a puzzle when he has difficulty with it or does he just move on to another activity?  Is the child able to wait to have his needs met?  Does the child react strongly when interrupted in an activity?  When a child persists in an activity he is asked to stop, he is labeled as stubborn.  When a child stays with a tough puzzle he is seen a being patient.  The highly persistent child is more likely to succeed in reaching goals.  A child with low persistence may develop strong social skills because he realizes other people can help.

Mood: This is the tendency to react to the world primarily in a positive or negative way.  Does the child see the glass as half full?  Does he focus on the positive aspects of life?  Is the child generally in a happy mood?  Or, does the child see the gall as half empty and tend to focus on the negative aspects of life?  Is the child generally serious?  Serious children tend to be analytical and evaluate situations carefully.

Birth Order

Where a child places in the birth order can have an effect on how he sees himself.  Research on birth order, sometimes referred to as ordinal position, shows that first born children are more likely to go to college than children in any other position in the family.  These apply to “typical families” and probably do not apply to “dysfunction families” and may vary across various cultures.  Parents should attempt to help each child to see themselves as unique individuals and avoid comparisons with siblings or others.

The middle child often seems to have the most negative impressions of his lot in life.  One approach to help middle children reframe things is to point out that in a sense they have the best of both worlds.  They are the youngest to the older sibling and the oldest to the younger sibling.  Therefore they are both a big brother/sister and a little brother/sister.  Younger children always want to be able to do the things older siblings are allowed to do.  And older siblings may feel that the younger siblings get away with things they were not able to when they were the same age.

The following characteristics will not apply to all children in every family.  Typical characteristics, however, can be identified:

Birth Order	Typical Characteristics
Only Child	Pampered and spoiled. Feels incompetent because adults are more capable. Is center of attention; often enjoys position. May feel special. Self-centered. Relies on service from others rather than own efforts Feels unfairly treated when doesn’t get own way. May refuse to cooperate. Plays “divide and conquer” to get own way.
First Child	Is only child for period of time; used to being center of attention. Believes must gain and hold superiority over other children. Being right, controlling often important. May respond to birth of second child by feeling unloved and neglected. Strives to keep or regain parents’ attention through conformity.  If this failed, chooses to misbehave. May develop competent, responsible behavior or become very discouraged. Sometime strives to protect and help others. Strives to please.
Second Child	Never has parents’ undivided attention. Always has sibling ahead who’s more advanced. Acts as if in race, trying to catch up or overtake first child. If first child is “good,” second may become “bad.” Develops abilities first child doesn’t exhibit. If first child successful, may feel uncertain of self and abilities. May be rebel. Often doesn’t like position. Feels “squeezed” if third child is born. May push down other siblings.
Middle Child of Three	Has neither rights of oldest nor privileges of youngest. Feels life is unfair. Feels unloved, left out, “squeezed.” Feels doesn’t have place in family. Becomes discouraged and “problem child” or elevates self by pushing down other siblings. Is adaptable. Learns to deal with both oldest and youngest sibling.
Youngest Child	Behaves like only child. Feels every one bigger and more capable. Expects others to do things, make decisions, take responsibility. Feels smallest and weakest. May not be taken seriously. Becomes boss of family in getting service and own way. Develops feelings of inferiority or becomes “speeder” and overtakes older siblings. Remains “The Baby.” Places others in service. If youngest of three, often allies with oldest child against middle child.

Color Psychology

Do different colors affect your mood?

by David Johnson

Like death and taxes, there is no escaping color. It is ubiquitous. Yet what does it all mean? Why are people more relaxed in green rooms? Why do weightlifters do their best in blue gyms?

Colors often have different meanings in various cultures. And even in Western societies, the meanings of various colors have changed over the years. But today in the U.S., researchers have generally found the following to be accurate.

Black

Black is the color of authority and power. It is popular in fashion because it makes people appear thinner. It is also stylish and timeless. Black also implies submission. Priests wear black to signify submission to God. Some fashion experts say a woman wearing black implies submission to men. Black outfits can also be overpowering, or make the wearer seem aloof or evil. Villains, such as Dracula, often wear black.

White

Brides wear white to symbolize innocence and purity. White reflects light and is considered a summer color. White is popular in decorating and in fashion because it is light, neutral, and goes with everything. However, white shows dirt and is therefore more difficult to keep clean than other colors. Doctors and nurses wear white to imply sterility.

Red

The most emotionally intense color, red stimulates a faster heartbeat and breathing. It is also the color of love. Red clothing gets noticed and makes the wearer appear heavier. Since it is an extreme color, red clothing might not help people in negotiations or confrontations. Red cars are popular targets for thieves. In decorating, red is usually used as an accent. Decorators say that red furniture should be perfect since it will attract attention.

The most romantic color, pink, is more tranquilizing. Sports teams sometimes paint the locker rooms used by opposing teams bright pink so their opponents will lose energy.

Blue

The color of the sky and the ocean, blue is one of the most popular colors. It causes the opposite reaction as red. Peaceful, tranquil blue causes the body to produce calming chemicals, so it is often used in bedrooms. Blue can also be cold and depressing. Fashion consultants recommend wearing blue to job interviews because it symbolizes loyalty. People are more productive in blue rooms. Studies show weightlifters are able to handle heavier weights in blue gyms.

Green

Currently the most popular decorating color, green symbolizes nature. It is the easiest color on the eye and can improve vision. It is a calming, refreshing color. People waiting to appear on TV sit in “green rooms” to relax. Hospitals often use green because it relaxes patients. Brides in the Middle Ages wore green to symbolize fertility. Dark green is masculine, conservative, and implies wealth. However, seamstresses often refuse to use green thread on the eve of a fashion show for fear it will bring bad luck.

Yellow

Cheerful sunny yellow is an attention getter. While it is considered an optimistic color, people lose their tempers more often in yellow rooms, and babies will cry more. It is the most difficult color for the eye to take in, so it can be overpowering if overused. Yellow enhances concentration, hence its use for legal pads. It also speeds metabolism.

Purple

The color of royalty, purple connotes luxury, wealth, and sophistication. It is also feminine and romantic. However, because it is rare in nature, purple can appear artificial.

Brown

Solid, reliable brown is the color of earth and is abundant in nature. Light brown implies genuineness while dark brown is similar to wood or leather. Brown can also be sad and wistful. Men are more apt to say brown is one of their favorite colors.

33 Rules to Boost Your Productivity

Here are creative rules:

1. Nuke it! The most efficient way to get through a task is to delete it.  If it doesn’t need to be done, get it off your to do list.
2. Daily goals. Without a clear focus, it’s too easy to succumb to distractions.  Set targets for each day in advance.  Decide what you’ll do; then do it.
3. Worst first. To defeat procrastination learn to tackle your most unpleasant task first thing in the morning instead of delaying it until later in the day.  This small victory will set the tone for a very productive day.
4. Peak times. Identify your peak cycles of productivity, and schedule your most important tasks for those times.  Work on minor tasks during your non-peak times.
5. No-comm zones. Allocate uninterruptible blocks of time for solo work where you must concentrate.  Schedule light, interruptible tasks for your open-comm periods and more challenging projects for your no-comm periods.
6. Mini-milestones. When you begin a task, identify the target you must reach before you can stop working.  For example, when working on a book, you could decide not to get up until you’ve written at least 1000 words.  Hit your target no matter what.
7. Timeboxing. Give yourself a fixed time period, like 30 minutes, to make a dent in a task.  Don’t worry about how far you get.  Just put in the time.
8. Batching. Batch similar tasks like phone calls or errands into a single chunk, and knock them off in a single session.
9. Early bird. Get up early in the morning, like at 5am, and go straight to work on your most important task.  You can often get more done before 8am than most people do in a day.
10. Cone of silence. Take a laptop with no network or WiFi access, and go to a place where you can work flat out without distractions, such as a library, park, coffee house, or your own backyard.  Leave your comm gadgets behind.
11. Tempo. Deliberately pick up the pace, and try to move a little faster than usual.  Speak faster.  Walk faster.  Type faster.  Read faster.  Go home sooner.
12. Relaxify. Reduce stress by cultivating a relaxing, clutter-free workspace. 
    
13. Agendas. Provide clear written agendas to meeting participants in advance.  This greatly improves meeting focus and efficiency.  You can use it for phone calls too.
14. Pareto. The Pareto principle is the 80-20 rule, which states that 80% of the value of a task comes from 20% of the effort.  Focus your energy on that critical 20%, and don’t overengineer the non-critical 80%.
15. Ready-fire-aim. Bust procrastination by taking action immediately after setting a goal, even if the action isn’t perfectly planned.  You can always adjust course along the way.
16. Minuteman. Once you have the information you need to make a decision, start a timer and give yourself just 60 seconds to make the actual decision.  Take a whole minute to vacillate and second-guess yourself all you want, but come out the other end with a clear choice.  Once your decision is made, take some kind of action to set it in motion.
17. Deadline. Set a deadline for task completion, and use it as a focal point to stay on track.
18. Promise. Tell others of your commitments, since they’ll help hold you accountable.
19. Punctuality. Whatever it takes, show up on time.  Arrive early.
20. Gap reading. Use reading to fill in those odd periods like waiting for an appointment, standing in line, or while the coffee is brewing.  If you’re a male, you can even read an article while shaving (preferably with an electric razor).  That’s 365 articles a year.
21. Resonance. Visualize your goal as already accomplished.  Put yourself into a state of actually being there.  Make it real in your mind, and you’ll soon see it in your reality.
22. Glittering prizes. Give yourself frequent rewards for achievement.  See a movie, book a professional massage, or spend a day at an amusement park.
23. Quad 2. Separate the truly important tasks from the merely urgent.  Allocate blocks of time to work on the critical Quadrant 2 tasks, those which are important but rarely urgent, such as physical exercise, writing a book, and finding a relationship partner.
24. Continuum. At the end of your workday, identify the first task you’ll work on the next day, and set out the materials in advance.  The next day begin working on that task immediately.
25. Slice and dice. Break complex projects into smaller, well-defined tasks.  Focus on completing just one of those tasks.
26. Single-handling. Once you begin a task, stick with it until it’s 100% complete.  Don’t switch tasks in the middle.  When distractions come up, jot them down to be dealt with later.
27. Randomize. Pick a totally random piece of a larger project, and complete it.  Pay one random bill.  Make one phone call.  Write page 42 of your book.
28. Insanely bad. Defeat perfectionism by completing your task in an intentionally terrible fashion, knowing you need never share the results with anyone.  Write a blog post about the taste of salt, design a hideously dysfunctional web site, or create a business plan that guarantees a first-year bankruptcy.  With a truly horrendous first draft, there’s nowhere to go but up.
29. 30 days. Identify a new habit you’d like to form, and commit to sticking with it for just 30 days.  A temporary commitment is much easier to keep than a permanent one.
30. Delegate. Convince someone else to do it for you.
31. Cross-pollination. Sign up for martial arts, start a blog, or join an improv group.  You’ll often encounter ideas in one field that can boost your performance in another.
32. Intuition. Go with your gut instinct.  It’s probably right.
33. Optimization. Identify the processes you use most often, and write them down step-by-step.  Refactor them on paper for greater efficiency.  Then implement and test your improved processes.  Sometimes we just can’t see what’s right in front of us until we examine it under a microscope.

The Big Five Personality Traits

1. Conscientiousness. You’re organized and disciplined, dedicated and loyal – especially at work. Excellent performances and strong commitments are standard. Of all the Big Five Personality Traits, this one will take you far in your career.
2. Agreeableness. You’re friendly, pleasant and easy to be around; your relationships are mostly strong. You’re a social creature, and get your energy from being around other people. This Big Five Personality Trait opens many doors!
3. Neuroticism. You worry. You’re often anxious and emotionally unstable. You’re more likely to struggle with depression and sadness. This “Big Five Personality Trait” can lead to physical ill health.
4. Openness. You love adventures and trying new things; you’re insightful and imaginative. Creativity adds spice to your life, and you’re not afraid to take risks. People with this Big Five Personality Trait are often risk takers.
5. Extroversion. You’re assertive, talkative, and don’t mind being the centre of attention (in fact, you prefer it!). Being alone isn’t your favorite activity; in fact, the more the merrier. This Big Five Personality Trait is found in extroverts all over the world!
Are your Big Five Personality Traits working for or against you? If your personality traits hold you back, damage your relationships, interfere with your work, or cause pain, then you may be ripe for a to make some personality changes!

Stages of Team Development

Generally, when organizations form teams, these organizations have specific projects or goals in mind. A team is simply a tool that accomplishes a project or goal.

But no matter what the reason teams are formed, they go through four stages, according to a 1965 research paper by Bruce Tuckman of the Naval Medical Research Institute at Bethesda. The following sections describe Tuckman’s four stages.

Stage 1: Forming

During the forming stage, team members not only get to know each other but also familiarize themselves with their task and with other individuals interested in the project, such as supervisors. At the end of the forming stage, team members should know the following:

· The project’s overall mission

· The main phases of the mission

· The resources at their disposal

· A rough project schedule

· Each member’s project responsibilities

· A basic set of team rules

Keep in mind that no one person needs to be responsible for the team. Project management duties can be shared, with different members taking responsibilities for each stage of the project.

Stage 2: Storming

Storming is characterized by competition and conflict within the team as members learn to bend and mold their feelings, ideas, attitudes, and beliefs to suit the team organization. Although conflicts may or may not surface as group issues, they do exist. Questions about who is responsible for what, what the rules are, what the reward system is, and what the evaluation criteria are arise. These questions reflect conflicts over leadership, structure, power, and authority. Because of the discomfort generated during this stage, some members may remain completely silent, while others attempt to dominate. Members have an increased desire for structural clarification and commitment.

In order to progress to the next stage, team members must move from a testing-and-proving mentality to a problem-solving mentality. Listening is the most helpful action team members and the team leader can take to resolve these issues.

Stage 3: Norming

In Tuckman’s norming stage, team relations are characterized by cohesion. (Keep in mind that not all teams reach this stage.) Team members actively acknowledge all members’ contributions, build community, maintain team focus and mission, and work to solve team issues. Members are willing to change their preconceived ideas or opinions on the basis of facts presented by other members, and they actively ask questions of one another. Leadership is shared, and cliques dissolve. As members begin to know and identify with one another, the trust that individuals place in their colleagues fosters cohesion within the team.

During this stage of development, team members begin to experience a sense of group belonging and a feeling of relief as a result of resolving interpersonal conflicts.

Stage 3 is characterized by the flow of data between team members: They share feelings and ideas, solicit and give feedback to one another, and explore actions related to the task. Creativity is high. If this stage of data flow and cohesion is attained by the group members, their interactions are characterized by openness and sharing of information on both a personal and task level. They feel good about being part of an effective group.

The major drawback of the norming stage is that members may begin to fear the inevitable future breakup of the group; they may resist change of any sort.

Stage 4: Performing

Again, the performing stage is not reached by all teams. Those teams that do reach this stage not only enjoy team members who work independently but also support those who can come back together and work interdependently to solve problems. A team is at its most productive during this stage.

Team members are both highly task-oriented and highly people-oriented during this stage. The team is unified: Team identity is complete, team morale is high, and team loyalty is intense. The task function becomes genuine problem solving, leading to optimal solutions and optimum team development. There is support for experimentation in solving problems, and an emphasis on achievement. The overall goal is productivity through problem solving and work.

Adjourning

Teams assembled for specific project or for a finite length of time go through a fifth stage, called adjourning , when the team breaks up. A planned conclusion usually includes recognition for participation and achievement and an opportunity for members to say personal goodbyes. Disbanding a team can create some apprehension, and not all team members handle this well. The termination of the team is a regressive movement from giving up control to the team to giving up inclusion in the team. This last stage focuses on wrapping up activities rather than on task performance